<br finance, credit, investment – Economic categories. Modern Interpretation
Scientific work in the theories of finance and credit, are characterized by the specification of the research object, versatile and many-leveled.
The definition of the totality of economic relations in the process of formation formed spread distribution and use of finance, such as money sources is broad. For example, in “the general theory of finance” There are two definitions of Finance:
1) “… reflect finances economic relations, the formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national revenue under the distribution and use. This definition is relative to the conditions of capitalism, as in the goods-money relations are universal nature;
2) “Finances are the formation of central ad decentralized sources of money, economic relations with the relative distribution and use, the for the discharge of governmental functions and obligations and also to determine the conditions for the further production expanded to serve. ” This definition is applicable without the context of his action. We share that part of the explanation for Finance and I think appropriate to provide some information.
First, finance overcome the limits of the service distribution and redistribution of national income, although it is a basic stock of finance. Also includes the formation and use of the depreciation fund, which is the part of the financial domain, not on the distribution and redistribution of national income (from newly formed value in a year), but the distribution of already-developed value. This latest first appears to be a part of the value of the most important industrial resources, it is later on the cost price of a finished product (that is, the value of moves) and, once implemented, and it’s Place to finance the Depression. Its source is taken into account before hand as a kind of depression in the consistency of ready-made products cost price. The second main objective of finance is much broader and extended then “discharge of governmental functions and obligations and provide conditions for further production.” Finances are at the state level and also to the production and branches’ level, and under such conditions, if the majority of the producers are not in the state-owned. VM Rodionova a different position on this subject: “Real education begins at the financial resources of the stage of distribution, if the value is realized and concrete forms of economic realizable value from the quality of earnings” separately. Rodionova VM makes an accent of finance, such as the distribution of links when DS Moliakov industrial foundation of Finance stressed. Although both of them to support much discussion of the finances, as a system of education, distribution and use of funds from sources of money that comes from the following definition of Finance: “Cash financial relationships in the process of distribution forms and redistribution of the current value of the national wealth and total social product is related to the topics of business and education and the use of government revenue and cash savings in the production opened further, the material incentive of employees to satisfy the society, social and other inquiries. “ In the manuals of political economy, we meet with the following definitions to represent the Finance:
” finances of the state socialist economic (monetary) relations, with the help of which, in the way of the planned distribution of incomes and savings of the funds of the State financial sources, manufactures and socialist are to ensure the growth of production formed, increasing the material and cultural standards of the people and to satisfy other general inquiries society. “
” The system of creation and use of necessary means of increasing cash guarantee for socialist production will continue to just the finances of the socialist society. And were the whole of the economic relations between the state, produces and organizations, industries, regions, and separate people according to the movement of cash within its financial relations. “ As we have seen, do definitions of finances and financiers economists did not differ significantly. In each position, it discusses:
1) expression of essence and appearance in the definition of Finance,
2) the definition of finance, such as the system of production and use of resources from cash sources at the level of the phenomenon.
3) the distribution of finances as a social product and the value of national income, the definition of the planned distributions character key objectives of the economy and the economic relations, for the maintenance of which it is used. If you refuse the preposition “socialist” in the definition of the finances, we can say that there are still topical. We meet with such traditional definitions of Finance, without the adjective “socialist” in the modern economic literature. We can such an explanation to give, “Finance represent cash production and use, and cash relationships appeared in the process of distribution of values is formed and economical product national wealth on education and other production of cash income and savings of the economic issues and the state, reward employees and the satisfaction of social needs. “in this enlightenment of Finance as DS Moliakov VM Rodionov and the definitions that take on the traditional heritage that we deal with the widening the financial base. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value created economic product, even the partial division of the value of national wealth.” This is the latest very current, relatively in to the process of privatization and the transition to the protection of privacy and is a regular intervals used in practice in different countries, for example, Britain and France. “finances – cash sources, financial resources, their origin and movement, distribution and redistribution, use, and economic relations, by intercalculations between the economic issues, movement of cash resources, cash flows, and are conditioned for use. “” Finances are the system of economic relations, which are connected with solid production, distribution and use of financial resources. “We meet with absolute definitions of innovation finance in Z. and R. Merton Body ‘s manuals basis. “finance – it is the science of how to lead the people” spending, the deficit cash flow and income in the given period. The financial decisions of the expenditure and revenues that are marked 1) separated in time, and 2) generally it is impossible to consider them before either of those who get to make decisions, nor any other person “. “Financial theory consists of numbers of performances … which systematically learn the subjects of the distribution of cash relative to the time factor, but also considers quantitative models to implement with the help of the estimate, in the practice and implementation of the alternative variants of any place to make financial decisions. ” use These basic concepts and quantitative models on each level of the first financial decisions, but in the current definition of finance, we meet with the following theory of the financial foundation: the main function of finance is in the satisfaction of customers to it, the issues of the economic activities of any kind (businesses, including the state bodies of each level) are addressed to fulfill this basic function. For the goals of our monograph, it is important to compare the known definitions of Finance to decide on loans and investments, how and how much it is possible to finance, investments and loans in the total integration of a part. Some researchers what the loan is made up part of the finances, if it is addressed from the position of the character and class. The other proves more numerous group, a grouping of loans simultaneously to finance the economic category, with which it stresses are the impossibility of credit-existence in the consistency of Finance. N. K. Kuchukova stressed the independence of the category loans and notes that it addressed only their “characteristic feature of the motion, the value that is not related to transfer of the loan facilities together with the holders of Rights”. N. D. Barkovski replies that the functioning of the money has created an economic basis for allocating finance and credit as a separate category and led to the credit and financial relations. He noticed the gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as the science has on the finances of the business with the exploration of such economic relations based on credit and refuse to cash flow. Let’s discuss the most common definition of credit. appeared in the modern credit publications to be “lucky”, then funding. For example, we have to perform economically, with the following definition of credit in the financial dictionary: “Credit is the credit in the form of money and goods with the conditions of return, usually by paying percent. Credit is a form of motion of the debt and expresses economic relations between the creditor and borrower. This is the traditional definition of the institution. In the earlier Dictionary of the economy, we read: “Credit is the system of economic relationships that formed, while the transfer of money and material resources at the time of using is normally under the conditions of return and the payout percentage. published in the handbook of political economy and reduce the VA Medvedev announced the following definition: “credit, as an economic category, press the created relationships between the company, labor and collective worker in the development and use of loan funds, under the conditions of the present and back pay, while the transfer of sources for the temporal use and accumulation. The loan can be discussed in the following manner in the earlier education-methodical manuals of political economy: “Credit is the system of money relations that is built into the process to use and benefit of free cash temporarily by means of the government budget, trade unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for the provision of extended further production of the state and other needs. Credit is different from finances by the returning character, while the finance companies and organizations by the State without condition “satisfied. We are in accordance with the following definition, if “the course of the economy:” Credit is an economic category, the relationship is, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transferring money means, at any other time for the use is among the conditions for return. creation of credit by a historical process of meeting the economic and monetary relations, the form which conditioned the money relation. ” According to researchers give slightly different definitions of credit:
“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or goods which is to the borrower by a creditor under the terms of the given return and payment of a percentage by the borrower.
Credit is the time to give free money sources or product as a liability for the terms defined by the price of the fixed percentage. Thus, a loan from the credit in the form of money or goods. In the process of the loan is movement, a certain relationship between the creditor (the loan is made is given by a legal person of the physical, which are certain cash than debt) and the debtor. Combining each of the above-mentioned definition, we come to an idea that credit is money give the capital of the product as a liability for certain terms and material support in the price of the company percentage. It expresses certain economic relations between the participants in the process of capital accumulation. The need of the credit relationship is conditioned on one side, by collecting a fixed amount of temporarily free money sources and from the second page, the existence of questions of them. Although, at the same time we must distinguish between two similar concepts: lending and credit. Loan is characterized by:
· Here, the discussion can touch in the transfer of money and things form one side (rental) to another (borrower): a) under the ownership of the borrower and at the same time, b ) under the terms of the return of the same height or same quantity and quality of things:
· The lending of money can in no interest
· Each person can share in it.
With the difference with loans, credits, which somehow is a private event the loan is:
There are · One side (rental), the second (borrower) only money and _ for the time-use ,
· It can not bear, no interest (if something does not foresee assignment);
• In creditor there is no person, but a credit organization (in the first place, banks).
Also, the bank loan is a loan. To our mind, it is not true, “credit” and “loans” used as synonyms. Banking credit is the union of the relations between the Bank (as creditors) and their borrowers. These relationships affect:
a) a specified amount of money to the borrower for certain purposes (although we will meet with the so-called free credits, aims and objects of the credit are not named in the order);
b) The return opportune;
c) Getting a percentage of the borrower for the use of sources which, under his / her disposal.
The fundamental basis of the credit sector and its existence is an important element of trust between the two sides (in Latin “Credo”, from which the word “credit” means “trust”). From the position of the circulation forms (in the abstract, historical process of the formation of economic and social fiscal and banking systems for the expression of them) Comparison of different definitions of finance and credit appears, the paradoxical conclusion: credit event is Personal Finance. And really, from the position of the movement of money, forms, finance make the process of formation and use of funds of the cash. Very often these movements are met with no return, but sometimes it is possible to give loans from the budget for the investment projects of other needs. Even when using a manufacturing or corporations their cash and we mean the finances of the industry is subject to, such use can be realized as within the manufacturing or corporate income tax (there is no subject on return or not return to use), so free to return under conditions. This latest is a commercial form, because the transfer of the sources to the other, but also in this occasion, it is the element of the financial system of production and income tax. In terms of the cash market, the main character of the loan is the process of creation and use of funds from the cash under the terms of the withdrawal and generally below the value portion. If the credit value instead of gating is not (even in the extraordinary events) that form according to the movement, a private loan is at the finances, as the net financial resources (ie from the state budget) the loans, which uses no bear interest be. If gating credit value is through the appearance, form the Credit is discussed to be financial modification. From a historical standpoint, finance (especially in the way of the national budget) and credit (beginning with usury, and later business and banking district) have been developed for testing different credit to the part of the finances. Although the genetic-historical perspective, previous lenders, before loan requires the permanent collection of capital is not declining, is that the net financial liabilities Foundation. Banks analog concentration of the major private capital for influxing the consumer “and for ever higher percentage in the conditions of return required. This just on the financial basis, in the kind of financial funds (which later partially Loan Fund) part of the capital the Bank appears to make the reservation (insurance) part of the Fund, the nature of financial and not loans. appears so, despite the fundamental differences between the financial and credit form the genetic Historically credit are made of finances and represent their modification. From the basic stance to express the economic relations of the finance and credit, we meet with Cardinal distinctions between these two categories. The most distinctive of the movement expressed by the forms although they are reusable or not. Finance Express relationships in the aspects of the distribution and redistribution of social product, and part of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of the corresponding value only in the section for loan losses as a percentage, while according to the loan itself, one only a temporal distribution of the money sources takes place. , are hereby, there are many similarities between the finance and credit as the main point, so on the shape of the movement. At the same time there is a significant difference between finance and credit as in the essence, so in shape. Thus, it must be a kind of in general economic category, finance and credit as a total unit will examine and take place in the confines of this category itself, the separation of the specific nature of the finance and credit “. finance the cash is common that studies economic categories. It is in a separate system of finance and credit, which touched on it during the analysis of the finances and credit definition. word combination “finance the cash sources (fund formation)” reflects and defines exactly the nature and form of the economic category of the more general nature, the financial and credit categories. Although the texts and in economic practice, it is very unpleasant, a terminus, which consists of three words to use. Even “unloading” with an information stand strong hardened his influxing into the circulation and in the conditions of its strict and detail reasons. In the discussion context, we consider:
1) wide and narrow understanding of the economic category of Finance,
2 ) discuss finances in close understanding with General traditional sense, and to discuss
3) finances, such as the financing of non-cash, in broad sense, relates to the finances – and credit in the narrow sense – in absolute importance.
; terms “capital” and the appropriate “Fund Formation” will be targeted by us as the structuring of cash, which will be used on two floors – the accumulation of cash sources (survey) and their use for certain purposes in the manner the financing and crediting. We have created a new terminology – “Financing of investment sphere” (FIS). analysis on the interaction of finance and loans made by us, give us the opportunity to prove that in the given terms the word “financial services” with the importance of funding sources used cash, their specific structure. In this process, we consider the country’s financial, credit and investment “economic categories. Let’s sum up results of the discussion on new mid-term – “Financing of investment sphere” and discuss their investments from parts. The term “investment” in the native economic science brought from the West. In Soviet economic science used it for a long time on the ground “investments” the terms “capital placement expressed that the use of industrial factors in the sphere of real industrial activities in the realization of investment projects. From a glance, these terms identical in concept with the “investment”, therefore it is possible to use them as synonyms. Although the terms “investment” and “investing” have the advantage over the terms “principal place” for linguistic and philological point of view, because they are expressed with a single word. This is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with the terms “investment”, but also there is a chance of education terms. More specifically: “investment process”, “Investments Domain”, “financial investment sphere” – all these terms are much more acceptable. Change native with foreign economic terms determined, if it matters (by parallel use of local terms for the inheritance). Although we do not have to change native economic terms in foreign all together when they can easily traditional language of ordinal numbers for private and narrow concrete processes and elements to explain their own terms. The “movement” of these terms is in the confines of approved professional, but their “spit” can in economic science economic slang language in the tangled on. Let’s discuss terms – “investment” and “capital of the placement in the economic exploitation of the literature. investments are benefiting the placement of funds in the capital and circulation of capital for the purpose of getting. “Investment in physical assets – are the placement of funds in the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on.) Investments in financial assets, the placement of funds in securities, bank accounts and other financial instruments”. We have not hit with the terms “investment” in the earlier economic dictionary, but we take to guarantee the combined terms “investment policy” – the Union of Industrial decisions, the main directions of the investment activities of their concentration in the determinant suburbs, where the achievement of the planned rates of development of the company is starting production, balance and effectiveness, more and more production and profit of the national income for every lost Ruble. “For today, in most current definitions, investment only through financial means, if not to be limited only financially but also takes place, the investment of natural, material and technological and informational resources. Labour resources a particular crisis in the investment process. They even met this or that investment process. A positive side effect of the discussed definitions is that they combine investment policy and capital placements (investments):
– economic development after the main directions of the concentration,
– provision of high economic growth ,
– increase economic efficiency, which is expressed:
a) the cultivation of the out of production and national income for each Ruble lost;
) by meeting the industry structure of the investment;
c) by improving their technological structure;
d) by further optimization of their production structure.
Compared with such a definition of investment (capital placement) the Definition of investment in the dictionary attaching the “economy” appears to be unimproved “investment – the cost of collection of production and industrial resources, and increasing material reserve”. In this definition, the current expenditure (expense production) with the investment (mixed-capital) costs. Not even the investment expenses, but (even though the investments followed by the corresponding expenses) are just ahead. It differs from the cost, that the means (resources) by returning the progressive values that also put under the conditions of growth, has advanced the concept to the appropriate capital. advancing the money can be realized, natural materials and information forms. Except for the terms “investment”, there are two additional terms in connection with the investment. They are shown below. “Investment in human capital” – Any activity, workers for rising labor productivity (by way of growing their skills and develop their skills required) at the expense of improving workers’ rights education, health and increase labor mobility. It is very useful to use those terms, although a correction: The investments in human capital, affect not only workers but also the servant needs, representatives of each type of work. “investment goods, capital goods – a capital increase.” In the official manual of political economy of the time of the Reformation and its investments as “expenses for the creation of new funds and major expansion, renovation and renewal of assets “are discussed. In this definition, investments (capital placements) during the separation of the forms (species) the continued production of the main resources are limited only by the main funds (without an increase in blood flow and pension reserves): a) the creation of new, b) widening c) reconstruction; d) Extension. Moreover, it appears the concept collect the industrial order is the cost of the expansion of basic, cardiovascular agents and the insurance technical provisions “. here are the definitions of investment from” The course of business ” : meet the investment, “the placement of funds in the capital stock (basic means of production are called), reserves, and other objects and economical means processes, called the inquiry long influxing of material and money. “After the division of capital into the physical forms and money, the investments must also be divided into material and investments.” You distribute investment goods, which include, purposed industrial and non industrial building objects, vehicles for change or enhanced technology park and the furniture, the reserves and others. “you call the total investment in production an investment product to keep the direction and the increase in capital stock (fixed assets) and keep us directed. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is, the depreciation, it represents an important investment funds for the compensation of the extension to the height of the industrial prior to use, wear and repair of basic resources. Part Two, consisting represent the total investments of net investments – investments for the purpose of increasing the basic means. ” Depreciation is not a substitute resource carry out the basic tools, but it is the source of such targeted financial resources. Investment in human capital is a type of investment, particularly in education and health “. “Real investments are investments in the sectors of the economy and also, they are the types of economic activity which in influxing the increase in real capital, that the increasing material wealth of the industrial products” is. We can use such a definition with a specification agreed that to include tangible and intangible assets to real capital (wealth), that is scientifically investigated experimental-construction results, various information, education, he and other workers. Such a service organization of the excitable games, even the service of the redistribution of social wealth from a private individual to another (except for charity). “Financial assets represent placement of funds in the stocks, bonds, notes, other securities and instruments. Give Such investments, of course, not increases in real physical capital, but they always help you gain a result at the expense of changing the course of the securities in the period of speculation, or the distinction between the sale price in different locations and to purchase “. We share quite such a definition, which implies that capital investment (if it does not follow through real investment as a result) is not real material prosperity and wealth increase real ideal. According to this context, the expression below is very important: “We need the financial investment, the placement of the Fund accounts for the distinction because of the selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting the income and financial assets, cash and real become , moved to real physical capital. “ In the” economic price quoted “before long and short-term investments are separate. In recognition of the existence of the boundaries between them attribute, the authors short-investments “a month or more as” investments. If these criteria we determined that our investment, to overcome the terms of a few months, call long known ones, which is very doubtful, and we do not agree. called a long-term nature of the fund placement is an essential feature of the investment (in the short term to combine with the concept of investment). In principle, it would be better to emphasize rapid balancing effect, called compensatory mid and long term investments called balancing:
– less than 6 months – balancing fast,
– from 6 months up to the year and a half – mid-called balancing;
– more than one and a half years – long known as balancing.
We stopped at the definition of investment in the capital work “economic price” for the specific purpose, as the author tries to discuss the concept of investment systemic and fairly complete, herewith, the book is published just now . We are again discussing the definition of economic category of “investment” in various publications in the following chapter. The definitions given here are quite enough for having an idea of the level of illumination of the respective category in the economic literature. What conclusions can be made according to the definition of that economic category in the published work, made with the exception of the ideas and requirements? It is quite deep, specifically and comprehensively defines the term
“investment”, different definitions in the economic literature, especially in all the works on the investment, which will be discussed by us until now, it is not opened in the nature of the investment as an economic category. In each monograph, even if it has an investment track, as an economic category, there is only the definition, concept of investment given. But as the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion that shows something about the specificity of the investigated object. A concept from a lot of essential features is only one, and essentially it’s just – Definition”.
But the categories are much broader, it is “a key, the basic concept of every science.” In economic theory, categories represent real, objective existed productive relations. One category is the definition of opportunities there were signs, connections, relationships, the objective world. In principle, any educational process through the categories, which give opportunities for sharing the processes and opportunities to meet semantically, because the definitions of expression of a subject and realize their specific characteristics and economic relations between the material world. Our goal is to establish accurate to investment – as an economic category, and also as a financial category in the narrow sense. Here we have made are valid for one other manual labor by Academician Vasil Chantladze “any financial relationship is an economic and every financial and economic category, but is not any economic relations and economic category is the financial relationship and Financial Category. In the process of definition is it important in the eye to the pages of resources, costs and income, as investment, from one side, the result is the production of the activity, and one from another, – a part of the income that is not in this case used to use. Another reason: It is advisable to discuss investments in two aspects: as a category of the reserve and the flood that will accurately reflect the connection between “placement of funds” and “investment”. As we have mentioned above, not long ago, have been adopted in the famous Soviet literature, the terms “the placement of funds” and “investment”, the name and the appropriate investment sources for the further production of the main funds and education of turnover funds. We meet with such an understanding of the term “investment” (in this case, they separate three types of investment expenses: Investment in the capital stock of investment, investment in housing and investment in the reserves) in the modern economic publications and it is above particularly at the macro level, while a statistical analysis of economic processes used. In this particular investment opportunity is the category of reserve. In terms of investment flow in the process of analysis of industrial activity if it is necessary to learn the variety of economic relationships with the investment means more production and education, whose sources can be discussed, and objects subjects, ie at the micro level. Main distinguishing features of different methods of approach to the term “investment” aspect of the extension of the measurement of these ads. Is it possible or not shown on the investments regardless of the duration factor (to measure the standard of the Assembly, the volume of capital property that is the reserves of production and so on). If it is possible, then it is the category of the reserve, and if it is not, then it is in the section time is measured and is part of the flow. So, investment, as an economic category, is quite complex concept. It regards the information to determine the laws governing the function and regulation of the investment domain, privately:
The first set, resources and values in industrial activity. Here, investments can be realized in the following manner:
first mobile and real estate (buildings, structures, furniture and other material values)
2 . cash sources, targeted bank accounts, loans, stocks and other securities referred to long term;
3, depending on the owner of the rights of copyright, licenses, Now-how, experience and other intellectual values;
4 . the rights of use of land and other natural resources, and other proprietary rights.
Regardless of any form of capital investment is to collect results. Leading investment – regularity of the Assembly shall determine the volume and dynamics, as a rule, all investment activity. Secondly, should the prevailing income level and dynamics of resource investments. We hereby emphasize the fact that the process is the introduction of profit, the adequacy of their creation, not a constant, the term “investment”. The gain factors of production (the conditions for the use of capital values) and sales (market economy), and the process of capital is the leading and only important condition for investment education. Even though we emphasize once again that the process of introduction and distribution of income is an essential component of the investment. The transformation of the investment makes the basis for investment, involving the following parties: Resources – Investments (cost) – Capital property – income. The practice of implementing such